Термодинамика и тепловые процессы · AP Physics 2 Unit 2 (Thermodynamics)
Симулятор уравнения Менделеева-Клапейрона и диаграмм p-V
Симулятор изопроцессов идеального газа и термодинамических циклов на p-V диаграмме
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- Вывод формул
- Режим проектора
- Печатный лист A4
Окно 3D симуляции● 60 FPS
Параметры эксперимента
kPa
L
K
Расчёты и показатели в реальном времени
Произведение nR
--
Работа газа W
--
Изменение внутренней энергии ΔU
--
Теплообмен Q
--
Вывод формул в реальном времени
Основная формула:
--Подстановка значений:
--Физическое состояние: --
Разбор типовых задач и анализ экзаменационных ошибок
Worked Problem
Условие задачи: Gas at p1=100kPa, V1=2.0L, T1=300K is compressed isothermally to 1.0L. Find final pressure.
Пошаговый вывод формул:
- Isothermal Boyle's Law: p1*V1 = p2*V2 => p2 = (100kPa * 2.0L) / 1.0L = 200 kPa.
Worked Problem
Условие задачи: Car tire is 200kPa at -3°C (270K). Summer heat raises air inside to 54°C (327K) at constant volume. Find new pressure.
Пошаговый вывод формул:
- Charles's Law: p2 = p1 * (T2/T1) = 200kPa * (327/270) ≈ 242 kPa.
Рабочий лист для урока и домашние задания
Q1. Variant 1: Why must thermodynamic calculations use Kelvin rather than Celsius?
Answer Key: Must use absolute Kelvin (K = °C + 273.15)! State laws establish proportionalities anchored at absolute zero (0K); Celsius offsets break linearity.
Q2. Variant 2: State the First Law of Thermodynamics ΔU = W + Q and clarify sign conventions.
Answer Key: W > 0: work done ON system; W < 0: work done BY system. Q > 0: heat absorbed; Q < 0: heat rejected. ΔU > 0: internal energy increases.
Q3. Variant 3: In adiabatic expansion (Q = 0), does gas temperature rise or drop? Explain.
Answer Key: Temperature drops! By ΔU = W + Q with Q=0, expansion work by gas (W < 0) reduces internal energy ΔU < 0, cooling the gas.
Часто задаваемые вопросы и типичные заблуждения
Under what conditions do real gases behave like ideal gases?
At high temperatures and low pressures! Molecular volumes become negligible relative to total container volume, and intermolecular forces vanish.
When pumping a bicycle tire, why does the lower pump cylinder get hot?
Primarily adiabatic compression work! Forcefully compressing air does mechanical work on it, spiking gas temperature. Friction is negligible in comparison.
Why does a misty cloud form at the bottle neck when popping a champagne cork?
Rapid adiabatic expansion work drops gas temperature by dozens of degrees within milliseconds, instantly condensing surrounding water vapor into mist.
What is Absolute Zero (0K = -273.15°C)? Can experimentalists reach it?
Theoretical ground state where thermal kinetic motion drops to quantum zero-point energy. The Third Law of Thermodynamics proves it can never be reached.