Termodinámica y energía · AP Physics 2 Unit 2 (Thermodynamics)
Simulador de la ley de los gases ideales y diagramas p-V
Simulador de la ley de los gases ideales y procesos termodinámicos: p·V = n·R·T e isotermas
- Cálculo en cliente
- Sin registro
- Derivación en vivo
- Modo proyector
- Hoja de trabajo A4
Ventana de simulación 3D● 60 FPS
Variables de control del experimento
kPa
L
K
Derivaciones y métricas en tiempo real
Producto nR
--
Trabajo de frontera W
--
Variación de energía interna ΔU
--
Calor intercambiado Q
--
Derivación de fórmulas en tiempo real
Fórmula básica:
--Sustitución de valores:
--Estado físico: --
Ejemplos clásicos y análisis de errores en exámenes
Worked Problem
Problema: Gas at p1=100kPa, V1=2.0L, T1=300K is compressed isothermally to 1.0L. Find final pressure.
Derivación paso a paso:
- Isothermal Boyle's Law: p1*V1 = p2*V2 => p2 = (100kPa * 2.0L) / 1.0L = 200 kPa.
Worked Problem
Problema: Car tire is 200kPa at -3°C (270K). Summer heat raises air inside to 54°C (327K) at constant volume. Find new pressure.
Derivación paso a paso:
- Charles's Law: p2 = p1 * (T2/T1) = 200kPa * (327/270) ≈ 242 kPa.
Hoja de indagación en clase y tareas
Q1. Variant 1: Why must thermodynamic calculations use Kelvin rather than Celsius?
Answer Key: Must use absolute Kelvin (K = °C + 273.15)! State laws establish proportionalities anchored at absolute zero (0K); Celsius offsets break linearity.
Q2. Variant 2: State the First Law of Thermodynamics ΔU = W + Q and clarify sign conventions.
Answer Key: W > 0: work done ON system; W < 0: work done BY system. Q > 0: heat absorbed; Q < 0: heat rejected. ΔU > 0: internal energy increases.
Q3. Variant 3: In adiabatic expansion (Q = 0), does gas temperature rise or drop? Explain.
Answer Key: Temperature drops! By ΔU = W + Q with Q=0, expansion work by gas (W < 0) reduces internal energy ΔU < 0, cooling the gas.
Preguntas frecuentes y errores conceptuales
Under what conditions do real gases behave like ideal gases?
At high temperatures and low pressures! Molecular volumes become negligible relative to total container volume, and intermolecular forces vanish.
When pumping a bicycle tire, why does the lower pump cylinder get hot?
Primarily adiabatic compression work! Forcefully compressing air does mechanical work on it, spiking gas temperature. Friction is negligible in comparison.
Why does a misty cloud form at the bottle neck when popping a champagne cork?
Rapid adiabatic expansion work drops gas temperature by dozens of degrees within milliseconds, instantly condensing surrounding water vapor into mist.
What is Absolute Zero (0K = -273.15°C)? Can experimentalists reach it?
Theoretical ground state where thermal kinetic motion drops to quantum zero-point energy. The Third Law of Thermodynamics proves it can never be reached.