Термодинамика и тепловые процессы · AP Physics 2 Unit 2
Симулятор цикла Карно и КПД тепловой машины
Симулятор цикла Карно и максимального КПД теплового двигателя: η = 1 - Tх/Тн
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- Вывод формул
- Режим проектора
- Печатный лист A4
Окно 3D симуляции● 60 FPS
Параметры эксперимента
K
K
J
Расчёты и показатели в реальном времени
Предел КПД Карно
--
Макс. полезная работа
--
Отданное тепло Qc
--
Суммарная энтропия ΔS
--
Вывод формул в реальном времени
Основная формула:
--Подстановка значений:
--Физическое состояние: --
Разбор типовых задач и анализ экзаменационных ошибок
Worked Problem
Условие задачи: Heat engine operates between 600K and 300K absorbing 1200J. Find max efficiency, max work output, and min rejected heat.
Пошаговый вывод формул:
- η = 1 - 300/600 = 50%. Max work W = 1200 * 0.5 = 600J. Minimum rejected heat Qc = 600J.
Worked Problem
Условие задачи: What is a perpetual motion machine of the second kind? Why is it impossible despite conserving energy?
Пошаговый вывод формул:
- Extracts heat from a single reservoir to produce work without heat rejection. Though conserving energy, it violates the 2nd Law (Kelvin statement); cold reservoir rejection is mandatory.
Рабочий лист для урока и домашние задания
Q1. Variant 1: State Clausius and Kelvin statements of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics. Are they equivalent?
Answer Key: Clausius: Heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold to hot. Kelvin: Cannot convert 100% heat to work from a single reservoir. They are strictly equivalent.
Q2. Variant 2: What is Entropy? What arrow of time does the entropy increase principle define for isolated systems?
Answer Key: Entropy measures microstate disorder. In isolated systems, total entropy never decreases (ΔS ≥ 0), dictating the irreversible thermodynamic arrow of time toward disorder.
Q3. Variant 3: A kitchen refrigerator pumps heat from -18°C freezer to 25°C room air. Does this violate the 2nd Law?
Answer Key: Not at all! The 2nd Law forbids SPONTANEOUS reverse heat flow. Refrigerators consume external electrical compressor work to force heat uphill.
Часто задаваемые вопросы и типичные заблуждения
Why do coal/nuclear power plants require gargantuan hyperbola cooling towers?
By Carnot's theorem and 2nd Law, exhaust steam must reject waste heat to a cold reservoir to condense back to water before re-entering boilers.
Why can't we collect 100% of car exhaust waste heat to power a secondary engine with "zero waste"?
Any secondary heat recovery engine is bound by the same Carnot limit between exhaust temp and ambient air, requiring unavoidable waste rejection.
If a refrigerator door is left wide open in a sealed insulated room, does room temperature rise or fall?
Rises! Refrigerator exhausts heat Q_out = Q_in + W_electric. With door open, heat absorbed equals heat released, plus the motor's electrical energy turns to room heat.
Does life violate the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics by creating biological order out of disorder?
No! Living organisms are open non-equilibrium systems. They maintain internal low entropy by consuming food and dumping vastly greater entropy into the environment.